FUELS & LUBES INTERNATIONAL
Quarter Four 2013
40
F E A T U R E
专题报道
standards will be issued this year and
will be fully phased in by the end of
2017.
The new emission limits should
lead to a dramatic reduction in diesel
emissions, according to the U.S. EPA.
The agency estimates that emissions
of particulate matter will drop from
about 400,000 to 200,000 tons by 2030
in the U.S. due to this new regulation.
Failingexpectations?
But here is the problem: data
from the International Council on
Clean Transportation (ICCT) indicate
that not all countries worldwide are
making progress with regard to the
implementation of new diesel tech-
nologies. For example, low-sulfur fuel
is required for heavy-duty vehicles and
is recommended for all diesel vehicles
and engines in general, because they
enable particulate matter filters to
function. Yet it is not used inmost of
the world. Also, the percentage of new
heavy-duty diesel vehicles on the road
is about 40% in the U.S., 16% in Japan,
8 to 12% in Europe and nil in the rest
of the world.
A further issue is that the intro-
duction of new emission standards
does not appear to produce the
desired results, in terms of reducing
on-the-road emissions of pollutants
fromdiesel exhaust. In a European
study recently published in the journal
Atmospheric Environment, a new
diesel technology (Euro 6) vehicle fit-
ted with a selective catalytic reduction
retrofit complied with NOx emission
standards in laboratory tests, but failed
when tested on the road. Labora-
tory tests used the New European
Drive Cycle (NEDC), a driving route
officially used to approve vehicles in
European countries. On-the-road tests
were conducted under real-world driv-
ing conditions on various routes. On
average, on-the-road NOx emissions
from the Euro 6 vehicle were consider-
ably lower than those from each of
six older-technology diesel vehicles
(Euro 4 and Euro 5), also included in
the study. Still, they exceeded current
emission standards, especially on
routes involving a large amount of up-
hill driving. On-the-road emissions of
COwere also considerably higher than
standard limits in all tested vehicles.
It should be noted that the above
findings may not apply to all new-
and old-technology diesel vehicles,
due to the small size of the study.
However, they raise important ques-
tions, not just about the effective-
ness of new diesel technologies in
removing dangerous air pollutants
from diesel emissions, but also about
the reliability of laboratory tests cur-
rently used in vehicle type-approval
procedures in accurately reflecting
emissions in real-world driving
conditions.
There’smore todo
It is a fact that the proportion of
new-generation diesel vehicles and en-
gines with cleaner on-the-road emis-
sions is gradually increasing and set to
replace those using older technologies.
There is also some evidence that new
diesel vehicles are safer than the old
ones, although we cannot say that they
carry no risk.
More work still needs to be done
to determine the magnitude of the
health threat posed by diesel exhaust,
and to identify and implement mea-
sures that can help control andmini-
mize risks as efficiently as possible.
低暴露人员的三倍。在不吸烟的
矿工中,高暴露者的死亡风险是低
暴露者的七倍。
已有证据的局限
到目前为止,一切看似非常简
单,但Greenbaum指出,还有两
点需要考虑。
“上述的多项研究存在明显的
局限,他们只发现了较低的相对风
险,相当于发生肺癌的概率增加
20-50%。研究中并没有对其他风
险因素加以控制,如吸烟。研究中
也没有采用柴油排放物的实际暴
露数据,只是根据研究的参与者
回忆进行了估计。这些因数加在
一起,削弱了研究结论的可靠性。”
“而且,迄今为止所进行的
研究主要涉及了老一代的柴油车
和发动机。新型号的清洁度得到
了显著的提高。协调研究委员会
(CRC)的研究表明这些新型号所
产生的颗粒排放物较之前的型号
低99%;比新的柴油排放标准低
89%;所排放的一氧化碳和氮氧
化物分别下降了90%和70%。这
些进步都得益于新技术的发展,
如超低硫燃料和先进的柴油排放
后处理设备。”
采取行动
4月,HEI宣布成立柴油流行
病学项目组,由生物统计学、流行
病学、柴油发动机排放、暴露评
估、职业病学和风险评估的跨学
科专家组成。该项目组目前正在对
已有的流行病学证据的优势和局
限进行审查,以评估吸入柴油排
放物与癌症之间的实际关联度。
该部门目前正在采用新技术
柴油发动机进行动物研究。
“目前研究项目的测试工作
已完成三分之二,” Greenbaum
说。“这些测试中,实验用白鼠暴
露于高浓度的柴油排放物环境
中。我们的初步发现表明进入鼠
笼的颗粒物数量低于这些动物在
清理自己皮毛时所产生产的颗粒
物,不大可能增加癌症的风险。”
各国也在采取行动,出台了
新的、更严格的排放标准,并确保
车辆和发动机符合这些新标准。
在美国,2007年出售的重负荷柴
油发动机必须符合EPA的排放限
值,包括:
颗粒物(PM):0.01 g/hp-hr
氮氧化物:1.2-1.5 g/hp-hr
一氧化碳:15.5 g/hp-hr
非甲烷烃:14.0 g/hp-hr
EPA的2010年标准对氮氧
化物提出了更严格的限值要求
(0.20 g/hp-hr)。
欧洲也紧随其后,在2009
年,发布了欧六排放标准,将在今
年生效,其要求类似于美国EPA
2010。3月,中国宣布将在今年推
出新的柴油排放标准,并在2017
年底全面实施。
按美国EPA标准,新的排放
标准将大幅度降低柴油排放。按
新法规估计,颗粒物的排放将从目
前的约40万吨减少至2030年的约
20万吨。
低于预期?
但是还有一个问题:国际清
洁运输理事会(ICCT)的数据表
明,在实施新的柴油技术方面,并
不是世界上所有国家都在采取进
步措施。例如,总体上讲,建议重
负荷车辆及所有柴油车辆和发动
机采用低硫燃料,以便颗粒物过滤
器能够发挥作用。但这种设备并
不是世界各地都在使用。而且,路
上行驶的新重负荷柴油车辆中,美
国有40%是新型车,日本为16%,
欧洲为12%,其他地方为零。
另一个问题是,推出新的排
放标准并不能实现预期的结果,
即减少路上柴油排放物中污染物
的数量。《大气环境》(Atmo-
spheric Environment)上近期发
表的一项欧洲的研究表明,配有
选择催化还原器的新柴油技术
(欧六)车辆,在实验室可以达到
氮氧化物的排放标准,但在行车
中却不能达标。实验室测试中采
用了新欧洲驱动循环(NEDC),
行车的道路为欧洲国家用于批准
车辆的正式测试路段。而行车试
验中,欧六车辆的氮氧化物排放
量显著低于另六辆旧技术的柴油
车辆(欧四至欧五)。但是,还是
超过了现行的排放标准,特别是
在上坡路段上。所有受试车辆的
一氧化碳的行车排放量均显著高
于标准。
值得注意的是,由于测试样
本有限,上述结果并不适用所有
的新、旧技术柴油车。另一个疑问
是,新柴油技术对消除危险的空
气污染物的有效性,以及旨在精确
反映真实世界中行车工况的车型
认证实验室测试的可靠性。
并非终点
事实上,新一代柴油车和发
动机的比例正在增加,并将取代旧
的技术。另有证据表明,虽然不能
说新车没有风险,但新的柴油车较
旧车更为安全。
要确定柴油排放物对健康的
威胁程度,确定并实施可以有助于
控制并减少风险的计量指标尚有
许多工作要做。
Greenbaum
1...,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,...52