Page 39 - FLI 2013 - 4th Quarter
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39
FUELS & LUBES INTERNATIONAL
Quarter Four 2013
els, but only estimates based on what
the studies’ participants remembered.
Together, these factors may contribute
to weaken the reliability of the results
regarding the association between
exposure to diesel exhaust and lung
cancer.
“What’s more, the studies
conducted to date mostly involve old-
generation diesel vehicles and engines.
Newmodels are dramatically cleaner.
ACoordinating Research Council
(CRC) study shows that their produc-
tion of particulate matter is 99% lower
than in the past and 89% lower than
even the new diesel emission stan-
dards; and that their release of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides has
dropped by 90% and 70%, respectively.
All this happens thanks to modern
technologies such as ultra-low sulfur
fuels and advanced diesel exhaust
after-treatment devices.”
Takingaction
In April, HEI announced the for-
mation of a Diesel Epidemiology Proj-
ect Panel, a multidisciplinary group of
experts in biostatistics, epidemiology,
diesel engine emissions, exposure as-
sessment, occupational medicine and
risk assessment. The panel is currently
reviewing strengths and limitations of
the available epidemiological evidence
to assess the actual cancer risk as-
sociated with the inhalation of diesel
exhaust.
The agency is also conducting a
number of animal studies involving
new-technology diesel engines.
“We are about two-thirds through
major tests within an evaluation
program of the emissions and health
effects of new technology diesel,” says
Greenbaum. “As part of these tests, rats
are heavily exposed to diesel exhaust.
Our preliminary findings show that
the amount of particulate matter that
goes into the cages is lower than that
generated by the animal themselves
as they clean their fur, and unlikely to
increase cancer risk.”
Countries are playing their part
by issuing new, stricter diesel emission
standards than in the past, and by
ensuring that vehicles and engines
comply with them. In the U.S., heavy-
duty diesel engines sold in 2007 must
comply with EPA emission limits of:
0.01 g/hp-hr for PM
1.2-1.5 g/hp-hr for NOx
15.5 g/hp-hr for CO
14.0 g/hp-hr for nonmethane
hydrocarbon (NMHC)
More stringent limits have been
introduced for NOx (0.20 g/hp-hr)
with the EPA 2010 standards.
Europe followed the steps of
the U.S. and, in 2009, issued Euro
6 emission limits, which come into
effect this year and are similar to those
of U.S. EPA 2010. InMarch, China
announced that new diesel emission
柴油发动机技术正在经历巨
大的变化以满足日益苛刻的排放
标准，减少对人类健康的影响。
柴油排放对人类健康的影响
历来是人们所关心的问题。所有的
排放都会带来大气问题，但柴油
的独特性质决定在排放中它含有
汽油所没有的污染物。
燃料的气体和蒸汽包括了空
气中的各种污染物，如氮氧化物、
一氧化碳、二氧化硫等。研究表明
这些污染物会导致人体呼吸系统
疾病和出生缺陷；另外，各种苯
类、甲醛、多环芳烃已被国际癌症
研究机构（IARC）列为治癌物。
此外，柴油排放物是大气中
含碳金属、硫化物、有机化合物及
其他微量元素的颗粒物（PM）、粉
尘（
≤
2.5 μm）和超细粉尘（< 0.1
μm）的主要来源。
“在人口密集的市中心，柴油
排放物占空气中颗粒物的2-10%；
有证据表明长期吸入这些物质
（无论来源于柴油或其他物质）
将增加呼吸系统或心脏疾病引
起早死的风险，”健康影响研究所
（HEI）总裁兼首席执行官 Dan
Greenbaum说。该机构是一家独
立的非赢利研究机构，由美国环
保署（EPA）和美国汽车业平均出
资资助。
“此外，过去三十年的人体研
究发现，长期暴露于柴油排放物与
肺癌之间存在相对稳定的关联；
进一步证明了之前动物研究的发
现。因此，世界卫生组织（WHO）
的癌症研究部门IARC决定将柴油
排放物列入对人体致癌物质。”
其致癌性与吸烟相当
去年6月IARC发表了一项声
明，警告说柴油排放物应被视为
等同于被动吸烟、紫外线照射、
石棉。
在1989年，该部门将柴油排
放物列为可能致癌。现在被重新分
类为确定致癌，在这些行业工作人
员得肺癌的风险增加了40%，如卡
车司机、铁路工人、矿工、公路收费
站工作人员、机械师和农民。
IARC在组织了专家对相关证
据进行重新评估后，更改了柴油排
放物的分类。这些分析包括美国
癌症研究院长达50年的研究，该
项研究调查了12000多名矿工，建
立了柴油排放物与肺癌死亡之间
的关系。那些严重暴露于柴油废气
环境的人员死于肺癌的可能性是
Diesel Retrofit Devices
柴油改装设备
Approximate emission reductions (%)
1
减排估计（%）
Technology
技术
PM
颗粒物
NOx
氮氧化物
HC
烃
CO
一氧化碳
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
柴油氧化催化剂（DOC）
20-40
40-70 40-60
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
柴油颗粒过滤器（DPF）
85-95
85-95 50-90
Partial Diesel Particulate Filter (pDPF)
部分流式柴油颗粒过滤器（pDPF）
Up to 60
最高60
40-75 10-60
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
选择性催化还原（SCR）
Up to 75
最高75
Close Crankcase Ventilation (CCV)
闭式曲轴箱通风装置（CCV）
Varies
各异
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
尾气循环（EGR）
25-40
Lean Nox Catalysts (LNC)
稀燃NOx 催化剂
5-40
sherene is a
chemical and specialty
fluid management
company, supplying
key solutions to a
wide base of
customers operating
in Africa
" THINKING
FLUID ?"
- Additives
- Base Oil
- Dyestuff
- Industrial
Equipment
Equipment
1
Technologies. Diesel Retrofit Devices. National Clean Diesel campaign (NCDC),
技术。柴油改装设备。全国清洁柴油计划（NCDC）。
.
