F&L International - 2016 Q2 - page 37

37
Fuels & Lubes International Quarter Two 2016
the implementation date
of mandatory fuel econ-
omy (FE) standards for
vehicle manufacturers.
Current FE norms are
applicable to vehicles with
nine seats or fewer and
weigh less than 3,500 kg.
FE norms for heavy-du-
ty vehicles are not yet
finalised. Testing proce-
dures, as well as target
norms, are still being
discussed with stakehold-
ers. Current FE norms
for vehicles weighing less
than 3,500 kg are linked
to a formula, which takes
into account the laden
weight of the vehicle and
should be used to calcu-
late corporate average
fuel consumption to meet
the norms. For average
vehicle weight of 1,037 kg,
OEMs will need to achieve
a fleet average fuel
consumption of 5.5 litres
per 100 kilometres (l/100
km) in 2017-2022 and
4.78 l/100 km in 2022-23
for vehicles with average
vehicle weight of 1,145 kg.
Since these norms are for
average fleet fuel econ-
omy, OEMs can produce
or sell a mix of vehicle
models using different
fuels. As an extension to
the FE mandatory norms
for vehicle manufacturers,
it is also mandated that
every vehicle carry a cer-
tificate of fuel economy,
so that a buyer can make
an informed decision.
In April 2020, BS
VI-compliant fuel will be
available nationwide while
OEMs can get BS-VI fuel
a year ahead to conduct
their vehicle validations.
BS VI-fuel quality re-
quirements will be largely
equivalent to Euro VI. For
他引用了全球疾病负担数据
库的数据(Global Burden of
Disease),室外污染是印度第
五大死亡原因。因此,这个“大
胆的决定”并不偶然。
Ramakumar列出了实现这个
目标的时间表。BS IV已在印度
50个主要城市实施,国内的其
他地区只是一步之后。
“这种两元结构将很快结束”,
到2017年4月,全国将统一强
制实施BS IV的燃料和排放要
求。这个时间也正是针对汽车
制造商实施强制性燃料经济性
(FE)标准的日期。目前的FE
标准适用于九座以下、重量小
于3500公斤的汽车。重型汽车
的FE标准还未最终确定,正在
与利益相关方讨论相关的测试
程序和目标标准。目前,重量
小于3500公斤汽车的FE标准
的计算公式中考虑了汽车的载
重,以计算满足标准所需的平
均燃料经济性。对于平均重量
为1037公斤的汽车来说,整车
厂需要达到的车队平均燃料经
济性为2017-2022年每百公里
5.5升,2022-2023年4.78升
(平均车重为1145公斤)。
由于这些标准是针对车队平均
而言的,整车厂可以生产或销
售不同型号、使用不同燃料的
汽车来实现。作为对汽车制造
商的FE强制标准的一部分,它
还要求每辆汽车要有燃料经济
性证书,以便买家对此有所了
解。
到2020年4月,BS VI燃料将
在全国供应,而整车厂可以提
前一年获得BS VI油,以供其进
行汽车验证。BS VI燃料的质量
要求将大致相当于欧六。对于
汽油,BS IV与VI要求的主要差
别在于研究法辛烷值(ROM)
,优质汽油的RON将从91提高
到95。这个规格意味着“大城市
的零售网点需要有两个储罐”,
一个用于RON91的普通汽油,
一个用于RON95的优质汽油。
在大城市以外地区,“全国所
有零售网点的汽油中至少要有
petrol, some of the main
differences between BS
IV and VI requirements
are the research octane
number (RON), which is
moving from 91 to 95 only
for premium-grade. This
specifically means that
“the retail outlets in major
cities stock BS VI in two
grades as far as motor
spirits is concerned,”
a regular grade with a
91 RON and a premi-
um-grade with 95 RON.
Outside major cities, “at
least 25% of motor spirits
that would be available
in any retail outlet on the
national basis would have
95 RON.”
According to G.K.
Sharma, an independent
consultant in India, who
explained the rationale
behind the deviations in
BS VI- and Euro VI-fuel,
the auto industry has long
requested for a 95 RON
fuel to help them intro-
duce higher compression
ratio engines to meet FE
norms. However, the oil
industry has indicated
its inability to meet this
request due to press-
ing refinery processing
demands for maximising
LPG. While there are
genuine refinery con-
straints for high octane
components and LPG
maximisation, he said oil
companies alternatively
can blend ethers to meet
the auto industry’s de-
mand for high-octane fuel.
But while blending 10%
ethanol has been mandat-
ed in petrol, there is not
enough ethanol supply for
blending with petrol at a
cost-effective price.
For BS VI-compliant
petrol, maximum sulphur
25%是RON 95的优质汽油。”
印度的独立咨询顾问,G.K.
Sharma,解释了其中的原因。
汽车业一直希望有RON 95汽
油来帮助他们推出更高压缩比
的发动机,以满足FE标准。
但是,石油业则一直说由于炼
厂根据需求加大LPG生产而不
能满足这个要求。虽然炼厂确
实存在生产高辛烷值汽油的限
制,以及需要实现LPG生产的最
大化,但他说,石油公司可以
将醚调入汽油以满足汽车业对
高辛烷值燃料的需求。虽然汽
油中调入10%的乙醇是强制要
求,但并没有足够的低成本乙
醇用于调合。
BS VI汽油的最高硫含量从原
来的50 PPM降为10 PPM,这
与欧六规格相同。
BS VI柴油的最高硫含量也
从原来的50 PPM下降为10
PPM。BS VI中还有一些其他
的变化,如,最低闪点为35
o
C。以往的印度规格中允许的闪
点比欧洲规格要低,因为印度
要实现柴油生产的最大化。因
此,计划中将放宽BS VI中的燃
料密度和馏程(T95)。
“几乎所有炼厂”需要进行改
造,或增加设备才能供应BS VI
产品,Ramakumar说。据估
计,2000-2020年间(从BS II
到BS VI),为升级燃料质量标
准,印度炼厂需要投入8000亿
卢比(120亿美元)。单就从BS
IV升级到BS VI估计就需要2750
亿卢比(41亿美元)。Sharma
估计,印度的汽车业的投资至
少将是石油业投入的两倍。因
此,为实现BS VI,印度将接受
大量投资。
炼厂需要的改造包括:加氢
装置、产能去瓶颈(或增加新
产能)、硫磺回收装置、更换
加氢装置的催化剂。这些改造
主要都是针对脱硫。
印度的汽车业对规格草案
持保留态度,因为为了满足排
放要求,汽车需要使用后处理
设备,其成本将由最终用户承
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