49
FUELS & LUBES INTERNATIONAL
Quarter Two 2015
in India from both foreign and
domestic sources, have not been
nearly robust enough to have as
much of an impact on Indian
demand. The period of massive,
sustained, double-digit invest-
ment in the Chinese oil sector
soared for more than a decade.
For India, it was less than half
that long and ended in 2008.
GDP growth in India fell
from nearly 10% in 2008 to under
4% in 2009. That would be the
time for massive investment from
the government, the private sec-
tor and foreign entities. But India
has 28 states, seven union ter-
ritories, 22 official languages, six
major religions, 645 “scheduled”
tribes and the caste system, which
makes it difficult to pass stimulus
packages like the United States
and China did to boost consumer
spending. Thus, the private sec-
tor in India was crippled by The
Great Recession. From the low
base in The Great Recession, GDP
growth in India rose by 10.3% in
2010, but fell to just above 5% in
2013.
For the next five years, India’s
GDP growth is expected to be
around 6.35%. By 2030, India
will be the third-largest economy
in the world, according to the
United States Department of Ag-
riculture, trailing only the United
States and China. In terms of
lubricants consumption, it is the
third largest after China and the
United States. However, it trails
significantly from the market
leader China at just above 1.5
million tonnes per year compared
to China at just below 7 million
tonnes.
The Indian economy is pro-
jected to more than triple from
its present size, reaching USD
6.6 trillion. Even with the most
people, that will be far behind
the estimated USD 22 trillion for
China, due to the lack of invest-
ment in the Indian economy.
Thus, while India is pro-
jected to exceed China in overall
population by 2024, the growth in
the number of its citizens should
not be expected to result in a
proportionate increase in fuels
and lubricants demand. Just as
China’s policies have kept down
population growth with the “One
Child” policy, India’s suppression
of foreign investment has stulti-
fied the growth of its infrastruc-
ture. As a result, the shortfall in
the number of Chinese and the
truncated economic growth in
India will leave demand for fuels
and lubricants far below poten-
tial levels.
中国和印度由于各自庞大的人口和国民
生产总值(GNP)在世界大宗批发市场上举足
轻重。
但中国从1979年开始实施的计划生育
政策使出生人口相对减少了4亿。这对经济
增长产生了最不利的影响:工作人口下降、
人口老龄化。到2025年,全国老龄人口将
增加60%,而工作人口将下降35%。这将使
中国国内产品产出下降1%。这也将阻碍中
国向消费驱动型经济的转型,原因有两个:
消费者减少了4亿;更多的老龄人口,虽然
他们的购买力最强,但他们不会买新车和新
房子。
而印度的经济受阻于政府政策,是另外
一种情况。预计到2050年,印度的人口将
达到17亿,而中国将维持在13亿。印度的
人口也更年轻。在2040年,据估计中国人
口的平均年龄为46岁,而印度为34岁,这
就意味着在印度有更多的年轻消费者。这
也就意味着要建更多的房子,卖出更多的
汽车。
但政治因素,及外资和内资在印度的基础
设施和制造业投资尚不足以对印度的需求产
生这样的影响。中国在相当一段时间内对石油
行业的持续、呈两位数增长的投资,使之持续
十年高速增长。而在印度,所维持的时间只有
中国的一半。
印度的GDP增长从2008年的10%下降到
2009年的4%。那应该是政府、私营部门和外
资进行大量投资的时机。但印度有28个邦,6
个联邦属地,22种(预备)官方语言,6种主
要宗教,645个种族及种姓制度,使之很难像
美国和中国那样通过政府激励措施来推动消
费。因此,印度的私营部门在大衰退中受到重
创。从大衰退开始,印度的GDP增长在2010年
上升到10.3%,但在2013年又跌回到5%。
在未来的五年中,预计印度的GDP增长
为6.35%左右。据美国农业部推测,到2030
年,印度将成为世界上第三大的经济体,仅次
于美国和中国。润滑油的消费,也将是世界上
第三大国,仅次于中国和美国。但与市场领头
羊中国相比差距甚大,每年仅为150万吨,而
中国的消费量为每年略低于700万吨。
印度的经济规模预计将为目前的三倍,达
到6.6万亿美元。虽然人口最多,但由于缺乏
对印度经济的投资,较中国预计的22万亿美
元相去甚远。
因此,虽然预计印度的人口将在2024年
超过中国,但其人口的增长与燃料油和润滑油
需求的增长并不成比例。如同中国的计划生育
政策控制了中国的人口,印度对外商投资的压
制也阻碍了其基础设施的发展。因此,中国人
口数量的不足与印度经济不力将使对燃料油
和润滑油的需求远低于潜在的水平。
中国和印度:全球人口问题的两面
作者
Jonathan Yates
特邀专栏