F&L International 2015 - Quarter 3 - page 35

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Fuels & Lubes International Quarter Three 2015
在今年三年由F&L Asia在新加坡主办的2015年F+L周上,各主要
添加供应商的专家介绍了如何选择正确的VM及如何通过测试以更好
地了解他们在真实世界中的性能。
VM是有长链的柔性聚合物分子的添加剂,有各种类型,不同的分
子结构。主要的VM类型包括:
烯烃共聚物(OCP),具有长链聚合物骨架,为半结晶体或非晶
体;非晶OCP具有规则的支链,可以防止在低温下结晶。(此处的结晶
性指聚合物在加入到发动机油配方之前的固体状态。)
聚甲基丙烯酸酯(PMA),为非晶态,极易挥发,存在多种不同的
功能团。
星形结构的其他聚合物,有多条聚合物链在中心点连接。这包括
星形氢化苯乙二烯(HSD)或星形氢化苯乙烯异戊二烯(HSI)。
VM又称粘度指数改进剂。粘度指数是一种计量液体粘度随温度
变化而变化的指数。粘度指数越高,粘度随温度变化而变化的幅度越
小。未经处理的油品在较低温度时粘度较大,而在较高温度时粘度较
小;VM可以帮助保持润滑油粘度的稳定性,不受温度变化的影响。
SAE J300之后
SAE J300 是定义发动机油分类的流变限值的文件,即它以粘度定义
了发动机油。VM如其名称,会影响发动机油的粘度,但在选择VM
时,粘度并非唯一的考虑因素,专家如是说。他们都强调配方商应该
超越J300,因为每个VM都有不同的分子量和结构,在不同的方面影
响着它的性能,如剪切稳定性、与配方中其他组分的兼容性,低温性
能、抗老化与抗烟炱能力。J300在100摄氏度或KV100下以运动粘度
来定义,高温、高剪切粘度则在150摄氏度下定义(HTHS150)。
运动粘度是油品的动力(或绝对)粘度与密度之比。单位为厘沲
(cSt)或平方毫米/秒(mm2/s)。运动粘度在两个温度下(40和100
摄氏度)测试并在温度/粘度图上划线。KV100通常用于衡量发动机
油的粘度,因为发动机温度更高,而KV40一般用于工业油品。
HTHS粘度用于计量发动机油在发动机环境内的耐用情况。ASTM
D4683(采用锥形轴承模拟粘度计在150摄氏度下测试新、旧发动机
油在高温高剪切率下粘度的测试方法)规定了测试方法,因为发动机
油在这些条件下的粘度与燃料经济性相关。单位为厘泊(cP)或毫泊
秒(mPa•s)。
好的试验要有区分度
与任何产品一样,正确的测试在确定一种VM在真实世界中的表现时
可以反应出所有的不同之处。在润英联技术布署组工作的Daniella
Baxter讨论了公司对重负荷油的行车试验,这种油品已在美国使用多
年。它测试了SAE 15W-40 和SAE 10W-30发动机油与不同化学性
质的VM 的配合情况:两种不同剪切稳定指数的星形HSD,一种非晶
OCT和一种半晶OCP。在测量粘度性能时,测试KV100和HTHS150,
四种VM都能使机油保持在其等级内。润英联还测量了低温泵送性,
对新油和使用了35000英里(56327公里)的废油用微转子粘度计
(MRV)MRV TP-1进行测量。半晶OCP 35000废油以较大差距未
能通过测试。结论是,新鲜油品的MRV测试不适于指示实际行车中
的低温性能,她说。在一系列真实世界行车试验中,由于废油的泵送
性差而失败之后,欧洲协调委员会(CEC)开发了一个老化试验,CEC
SG-L-105,把含生物柴油的油品在中等氧化后测量MRV性能。这个
试验与行车试验的相关度更好,Baxter说。废油中的半结晶OCP还是
没有通过试验,但差距较小。必须采用正确的老化试验来更好地预测
During March’s F+L Week 2015 Conference
organised by F&L Asia in Singapore, experts from
major additive suppliers presented information on how
to choose the right VM and how to test them to better
understand their benefits in real-world performance.
VMs are additives made of long, flexible molecules
called polymers. They come in various types, with
different molecular architectures. Some of the main
types of VMs include:
Olefin copolymers (OCP), which have a long, polymer
backbone and can be semi-crystalline or amorphous;
amorphous OCPs have regular branching that prevents
crystallisation at low temperatures. (The crystallinity
here refers to the solid state of the polymer before it is
added to the engine oil formulation.)
Polymethacrylates (PMA), which are amorphous
and very versatile, because many different functional
groups can be incorporated.
Additional polymers with a star shape, with several
polymer chains connected at a central point. These
include Hydrogenated Styrene-Diene (HSD) stars or
Hydrogenated Styrene-Isoprene (HSI) stars.
VMs are also called viscosity index improvers.
The viscosity index is a way of measuring the way a
fluid’s viscosity responds to changes in temperature.
The higher the viscosity index, the less its viscosity
will change with temperature. Untreated oil will
become more viscous at a lower temperature and less
viscous at a higher temperature; a VM helps to keep
the lubricant’s viscosity stable, despite temperature
changes.
BEYOND SAE J300
SAE J300 is a document that defines the rheological
limits for classifying engine oils—that is, it defines
engine oils in terms of viscosity. While VMs are, by
definition, meant to impact the engine oil’s viscosity,
viscosity cannot be the only consideration when
choosing VMs, experts said. They all emphasised that
formulators should look beyond J300, as each VM has
different molecular weight and architecture, impacting
its performance in different areas, such as shear
stability, compatibility with other components in the
formulation, low-temperature performance, retention
of performance through ageing and soot handling.
J300 defines viscosity grades in terms of kinematic
viscosity at 100 degrees Celsius (C) or KV100 and high-
temperature, high-shear viscosity at 150 degrees C
(HTHS150).
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the oil’s dynamic
(or absolute) viscosity to density. It is measured in
centistokes (cSt) or millimeters squared/seconds
(mm2/s). Kinematic viscosity is measured at two
temperatures (40 and 100 degrees C) and then plotted
on a temperature/viscosity chart. KV100 is often
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