Page 35 - Fuels & Lubes International Q2 2013

persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT).
“Chances are this will be a chemistry
that will be available in the foreseeable future,
maybe restricted, but available,” Passman said.
The U.S. EPA’s risk assessment on LCCPs
is also in progress, but they are not on CEPA’s
toxic substance list, having been actually
removed in 2011. There are no restrictions
anticipated and, likewise, they are REACH
registered in the EU, with no restrictions.
“Most of the data so far doesn’t show that
it is persistent bioaccumulative nor is it toxic,
and it seems to be fairly safe. There are no
indications that there will be any restrictions on
LCCPs,” Passman said.
Close to a million metric tons (MT) of CPs
are produced annually. Global production of
approximately 270,000 MT for MWF is divided
mainly among Eastern Asia (110,000 MT), the
Americas (80,000 MT), Europe (60,000 MT)
and Western Asia (20,000 MT).
In the U.S., the biggest slice of the market
(50%) is MWF, plastics (20%), rubber (13%),
paints (9%) and adhesives (5%).
CPs are the number one extreme
pressure additive globally by volume.
“It is relatively inexpensive and
effective. Its cost-benefit ratio
is excellent,” Passman said.
“All of these industries will
be adversely affected if
CPs were pulled from the
market tomorrow.”
Major producers
in Europe include
IneosChlor and Caffaro;
oxychem and Dover
Chemicals in the U.S.;
and a slew of producers in
Asia, mainly in India, China,
Taiwan and Japan.
“Alternatives to CPs are
going to be more specific and more
expensive. you won’t get the range of
performance you get from CPs,” he added. “I see
a trend towards longer chain CPs.”
cHanging options for
microbicides in mwf
Passman posed this question to conference
participants: “What will happen if we don’t have
formaldehyde-condensate microbicides?”
Formaldehyde-condensate microbicides,
as the name implies, kill microbes and thus are
pesticides. They are typically added to a MWF
concentrate (4-10%) and blended with water for
end use. They are condensates of formaldehyde
and one or more additional chemistries, of
which the highest by volume in the world is the
condensate of formaldehyde and ethanolamine
(hexahydro 1,3,5 tris (2-hydroxyethyl)-s-
triazine or HHT).
“People normally just call it triazines,
which is a little bit dangerous because there
are actually 150 different triazine molecules
of which all but two are used in agricultural
applications,” he said.
There are about 18 formaldehyde-
condensate chemistries used in the MWF
industry. The typical effective dose of the
formaldehyde-condensate microbicide is
around 1,000-2,000 parts per million (ppm).
“Because of the U.S. EPA’s maximum
permissible limit of 500 ppm, they are
effectively banning it because
anything lower than 1,000
ppm is ineffective as it
will serve to stimulate
growth of organisms
instead of
controlling it,”
said Passman.
The U.S.
EPA office
of Pesticide
Programs
(oPP), in April
2010, was to notify
HHT producers
that they must change
product labels to state
that the maximum permissible
dose in MWF should be 500 ppm. This
decision was based on International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2009 HHT
classification, changing it from “probably
carcinogenic to humans” (group 2A) to
“carcinogenic to humans” (group 1).
According to Passman, this was based on a
single flawed study that linked formaldehyde to
leukemia. He added that there is no biochemical
or molecular biological mechanism to explain
its causation or relation.
The National Toxicology Program
(NTP) followed suit in November 2009 and
recommended that HHT be listed as “known to
be a human carcinogen.” U.S. EPA’s Integrated
Risk Information System (IRIS) 2010 risk
reassessment was performed and they wanted to
reduce workers’ exposure.
了毒性物质清单，但很可能会等到美国环保署的最
终风险评估报告出来后再决定其去留。在欧盟，它们
是REACH注册的化学品，但对其评估尚在进行之中，
且不大可能被标为永久生物累积和有毒（PBT）。
“很有可能它们将作为一种化学品而在可预
见的未来存在，有可能受到限制，但还将存在。”
Passman说。
美国环保署对LCCP的评估也在进行之中，但它
们不在加拿大环保局的毒性物质清单上，实际上在
2011年从清单上撤销了。预计没有什么限制，同样，
它们在欧盟是REACH注册的化学品，也没有使用限
制。
“目前大部分的数据并未表明它具有
永久生物累积性或有毒性，而且
看上去它也相当安全。没有
任何迹象表明它会被限
制使用。” Passman
说。
氯化石蜡的
年产量约为100
万吨。全球总
共约2 7万吨
的金属加工
液产量中，
约11万吨在
东亚，8万吨
在美洲，6万
吨在欧洲，2
万吨在西亚。
在美国，
最 大 的 市 场
（50%）是金属加
工液，塑料（20%），
橡胶（13%），油漆
（9%）及粘结剂（5%）。
从使用量来讲，氯化石
蜡是全球使用最多的极压添加
剂。“它相对廉价，且有效。其性价比非常
高，” Passman说，“如果明天的市场不再供应氯化
石蜡，所有这些行业都将受影响。”
欧 洲 的主 要 生 产 商包括 I n e o s C h l o r
和 Caffaro；美国则有Oxychem 和 Dover
Chemicals；亚洲也有一些生产商，主要在印度、中
国、台湾和日本。
“氯化石蜡的替代品会更特殊，更贵。你不可能
获得与氯化石蜡相同的这些性质，”他补充到。“我
看到的趋势是氯化石蜡的链会越来越长。”
金属加工液中杀菌剂选择的变化
Passman向与会的代表提出了这样一个问
题：“如何我们没有甲醛缩合物杀菌剂，会发生什么
情况？”
甲醛缩合物杀菌剂，如其名称所示，是用于杀
死细菌的。它们通常被加入到金属加工液（4-10%）
中，在最终使用时再加入水。它们是甲醛及一种或多
种其他化学品的缩合物，从世界上用量最大的角度
来看，主要是甲醛与氨基乙醇（HHT）的缩合物。
“人们通常称之为三嗪化合物，但这么称有些
危险，因为世界上有150多种不同的三嗪化合物，而
只有两种用于农业。”他说。
金属加工液行业中一共使用十八种甲醛缩合
35 FUELS & LUBES INTERNATIONAL Quarter Two 2013